First documented gymnasium cluster of COVID-19 with whole genome sequencing in Australia.

Background: Transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been demonstrated in fitness settings internationally. We report the first documented case of transmission of COVID-19 in a gymnasium in Australia in 2020. Methods: Case finding and case interviews were conducted among attendees in a Western Sydney gymnasium, Australia. Whole genome sequencing using an amplicon-based approach was performed on all SARS CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction positive samples detected through surveillance. Results: We show that five cases of COVID-19 were linked to the gymnasium, with transmission occurring on 7 July 2020, when the index case transmitted the infection to four other gymnasium attendees through the sharing of an enclosed space. Conclusions: There is an ongoing risk of transmission of COVID-19 within gymnasium environments and they are justifiably classified as a 'high-risk' venue. There may be a need to expand ventilation and space requirements to prevent transmission of COVID-19 in such settings in the context of severe COVID-19 variants or to prevent respiratory disease transmission in general.

Clinical Pathways for the Identification and Referral for Social Needs: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Recognition of the importance of the social determinants of child health has prompted increased interest in clinical pathways that identify and refer for social needs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of interventions that identify and refer for social needs for families with children aged 0 to 18 years attending outpatient community and ambulatory healthcare services. DATA SOURCES: We searched the following databases: Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Emcare, EBMR. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if children and their families underwent a process of identification and referral for social needs in outpatient community and ambulatory healthcare services. DATA EXTRACTION: Initial searches identified 5490 titles, from which 18 studies (73 707 families and children) were finally retained. RESULTS: Intervention pathways were grouped into 3 categories based on whether identification and referral for social needs was conducted with only targeted community resources, a navigator, or with clinician training. The majority of studies reported positive outcomes; with an increase in social needs identification, an increase in referrals following identification, or a reduction in social needs. Child health outcome results were inconsistent. LIMITATIONS: The search terms used may have provided bias toward countries in which these terms are in use. The heterogeneity of outcome measures between included studies meant a meta-analysis was not possible. CONCLUSIONS: Despite evidence that clinical pathways for children and families help reduce social needs, evidence for improvements in child health is insufficient. Further studies from diverse settings are needed to inform clinical practice to optimize child health outcomes.